The Analects is a text by Chinese philosopher Confucius. The basis of the text is less spiritual than humanistic and political, claiming that a country thrives when its rulers and citizens each work towards morality and propriety. Confucius advises the cultivation of ren (virtue towards others) and li (rituals demonstrating respect) by respecting social boundaries and hierarchies, most importantly within one's family, studying and education and, for rulers, leading by compassion and not by fear.